Bakufu Literally “tent government.” A term that denotes the government of the shogun, which was located in the city of Edo in the Tokugawa Period.

Bawan The Chinese rendering of the Japanese “Hachiman,” the God of War. This term refers to Japanese pirate ships that attacked the coast of China.

Boeki-ke Term denoting a merchant family in early modern Japan.

Bugyo An official in the Tokugawa government responsible for a specific function. For example, the official responsible for governing the city of Nagasaki was called the Nagasaki Bugyo.

Capitão-Mor A position granted to a Portuguese nobleman by the king which entailed the governance of a Portuguese foreign territory.

Cartaz A trading pass issued to Asian ships in the Indian Ocean by the Portuguese at Goa. Any ship without this pass was subject to confiscation by the Portuguese.