norms, 3, 5–7, 35, 59–61, 67, 80, 98, 100, 103, 120, 132, 134, 144, 147, 186, 190, 208–209, 229, 242, 247–248, 260

occupancy in common, 200

offenders, 130, 133, 137–141, 177–178, 226, 233, 245, 248

open access, 33, 35, 58, 146

open-ended, 72

ordinances, 3, 6, 29–30

ordinary least square, 92

organization laws, 3

organizations, 5, 14, 29, 61, 72, 188, 190, 221, 227, 256–257, 261, 264

ostracism, 6, 116, 128, 131–132, 138, 140, 142, 177, 245

overexploitation, 5, 59

paddy-rice, 97, 156, 216

parliament, 5, 134, 228, 293, 318

participant observation, 70, 81

participation, 2, 9, 11, 15, 26–27, 29, 36, 59, 64, 67–68, 72, 77–78, 81–82, 88, 95–96, 108, 119, 144, 166, 178, 194, 198–199, 210, 220–221, 224–226, 229, 231, 239–242, 250, 253, 255, 258–260, 262–264, 296

community, 2, 11, 15, 26, 29, 59, 68, 96, 231, 239, 242, 255, 260, 264

equal, 224, 264

increased, 250, 259

levels of

active, 26–27, 81, 240, 242

consultative, 240, 242

nominal, 239–241

participation (continued)

interactive, 239–241

passive, 240, 242

limited, 241, 250, 258

women’s, 9, 194, 220, 225, 253, 258, 264

pastoralism, 49, 51, 54, 277, 316

pastures, 56, 106

patriarchal ideologies, 229

patriarchal system, 203, 207, 224

patrilineal, 203

peasants, 60–61

perceptions, 3, 6, 15, 76–77, 82, 207–208, 217–218, 229

personal occupancy, 200

photographing, 70, 159, 254

physical

capital, 87

conditions, 83

water scarcity, 10

plateau, 45

plural legal instruments, 262

policies, 5, 8, 11, 13–15, 26–27, 87, 154, 194–195, 220, 223–224, 229, 242, 257–259, 262, 264

policy makers, 14

political

economists, 61–62, 185, 190, 209

economy, 55, 61–63, 250, 254

system, 6

pollution, 15, 29, 38–40, 116, 143, 160–167, 178, 184, 193, 226, 261–263

polygamy, 180

ponds, 19, 107, 109, 111, 115–116, 118, 149, 163, 165, 174, 216, 233

population, 12, 18, 48, 108, 154, 270–271, 276–277, 280, 283, 296, 299, 306–307, 309, 319, 323