Countermeasures, the International Legal System, and Environmental Violations: When Two Wrongs Make A Right for the Environment
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(c) Security Council Resolutions

53

(d) Self-Defense

55

(e) Acts of Necessity

55

Chapter 4: The Concept of Countermeasures and the Teachings of Highly Qualified Publicists

67

(a) Introduction

67

(b) Retorsion

70

(c) Reprisals

72

(d) Reciprocity

75

(e) Other Views on Countermeasures

78

Chapter 5: Countermeasures and International Tribunals

87

(a) The Naulilaa Case, 1928 (Portugal v. Germany)

87

(b) Fishery Jurisdiction Case, 1974 (United Kingdom v. Iceland)

89

(c) Air Service Agreement Case, 1978 (France v. United States)

92

(d) The Hostage Case, 1980 (United States v. Iran)

96

(e) The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997 (Hungary v. Slovakia)

99

Chapter 6: Final Remarks

107

Part II: The Elements of Countermeasures: Requirement and Obstacles

111

Chapter 7: Introduction and Organization

113

Chapter 8: Considerations Regarding the Legality of Prospective Countermeasures

117