conciliation, 70, 194–195, 201, 265

consultation, 52, 94, 265, 293, 314–315, 319–321, 340–341

Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,, 301

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES),, 293–294, 299, 301

countermeasures

against private persons, 73, 91, 168–169, 172, 246

anticipatory countermeasures, 3, 56, 128–129, 214

collective countermeasuresSee alsoerga omnesand selfdefense: collective, 129–134, 144n57, 144n61

definition, 3

duty to exhaust other means, 70, 136, 146n92, 156, 193, 195–196, 313

elements of countermeasures, 7–9, 56, 79, 88, 108–109, 113–114, 120, 214, 216, 221–223, 238, 246, 282, 310

prior internationally wrongful act (primary element), 3, 7–8, 10, 42, 55–56, 67, 69–70, 73–74, 79, 88, 93, 107–109, 113, 121, 123–124, 142n24, 178, 214, 246, 248, 264, 271, 286, 289–290, 297, 312

prohibited countermeasures, 7–8, 78, 119, 167, 169–173, 207n17, 215, 283

proportionality of countermeasures. See proportionality

punitive countermeasures, 17, 117–122, 131–132, 141n3

purpose of countermeasures, 3, 17–18, 73, 117–122, 177–179, 192, 201–202, 223, 239, 269, 286

reversible, 77, 119–120

taken by private persons, 4, 69, 139–140

third party countermeasures, 130, 134

traderelated countermeasures, 263, 268–269, 271

Crawford, James, 150, 154, 179, 213

Czechoslovakia, 57–58, 64n21, 100–101

Damrosch, Lori Fisler, 124–126, 143n32

Denmark, 141n3, 159, 196, 213

derogation, 2, 76, 172–173, 234, 270, 283

development aid, 52

diplomacy, 2, 36, 54, 72, 128, 173, 232, 244

diplomatic protection, 76–77, 79, 81, 96–99, 105n70, 134, 137, 170, 183n19, 215

directly injured state. See injured state

dispute settlement mechanism, 5, 9, 109, 114, 193–196, 201, 215, 223, 263–265, 268–269, 315, 318

distribution of capabilities, 26, 42, 73

draft article. See International Law Commission