The European Union and the Modernization of the Turkish Education System
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5.2. Participants: Credentials, Backgrounds,and Associations

90

5.2.1. Participant Profiles

91

5.2.2. Validity of the Study

95

5.3. Data Analysis and Reduction

96

5.4. Interview Methodology

96

5.5. Coding and Clustering

96

5.6. Analytical Techniques

99

5.6.1. Constant Comparison

99

5.6.2. Frame-Analytic Theory

99

5.7. Chapter Summary

100

Chapter 6: Results

103

6.1. Findings and Discussion

103

6.1.1. The EU Integration and Turkey

103

6.1.2. Changes in Mentality

106

6.1.3. Official Ideology Versus Democracy-Objectivity

111

6.1.4. Reflections on Curricula and Textbooks

113

6.1.5. Role of NGOs

114

6.1.6. Kemalism

115

6.1.7. Citizenship/Identity

117

6.1.7.1. The European Dimension to Education for Citizenship

118

6.2. New Social Studies Education Program

121

6.2.1. First Phase: The Period Prior to the New Program

122

6.2.2. Factors That Force Program Improvement

123

6.2.3. Second Phase: During the Development of the Program

126

6.2.4. Third Phase: Evaluation After the program

126

6.2.5. The Social Studies Curriculum Committee

126