identity (continued), 62–64, 70, 74, 81, 85, 97, 104, 106, 115, 117–118, 122, 133, 136–138, 143, 152, 162–163, 168–169

collective identity (i.e., national, ethnic, religious or political), 29–30

national identity, 2, 4, 11–12, 29–32, 70, 74, 97, 122

Ottoman and Islamic identity, 12

subnational collective identities, 29

individual, 2, 4, 9, 12, 24–25, 28, 37, 39–41, 47, 49–50, 52, 61, 69, 73–74, 76, 81, 88, 90, 97, 117, 119, 125–126, 132–141, 143–144, 147, 149, 151–152, 155–158, 162, 169

information and communication technologies, 58, 83–84

Inonu, 108

integration, 4–6, 9–10, 14, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 38–39, 41–42, 46, 50–52, 55, 62–64, 73, 75–78, 89, 96, 104, 106, 110–111, 117, 147, 155, 162–163, 168

intercultural sensitivity, 6, 23, 38–39, 42, 46–47, 50–51, 86, 162–163

intranational, 3

Iron Curtain, 46–47, 53, 85, 120

Islamists, 13, 115

Jean MonnetSee also Jean Monnet’s program, 48

John Dewey, 26

joint programs, 53, 120

junta, 17

Kars, 131

Kemal Ataturk, 3, 8

Kemalism, 3, 9

Post-Kemalism, 10

Kemalist, 10

Kemalist government, 10

Kurdish minority, 104

Kurdish Question, 104

Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), 18

Körber Foundation, 91

Latin alphabet, 16

learning methods, 59, 81, 139

Leonardo da Vinci Program, 76, 86

liberalization, 3, 13, 17, 106

life knowledge course, 142–143, 145, 147

lifelong learning, 75–76, 124

Maastricht Treaties, 52

Marxist, 26

Matra (Former Yugoslavia) Initiative, 60, 62–65

member, 1, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 19, 30, 33, 37–38, 42, 48, 50–53, 55, 63, 69, 73, 75, 77, 80–82, 86, 89–94, 96, 101, 106, 115–116, 118, 120–121, 124, 127–128, 141, 161, 164

membership, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 13–14, 16–17, 19–20, 27, 29, 31, 48, 78, 88, 90, 94–95, 103, 105–107, 110, 115, 121, 124, 126, 162

Menderes, 17

Middle East Technical University (METU), 91

migration, 18, 55, 64, 67, 118

Milton J. BennettSee also intercultural sensitivity, 6, 23, 42, 46, 50, 86, 163