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Preface
In using personal names that have multilingual versions, I have in all cases chosen to render the names in their original languages even though their Hispanicized versions may have been more common in a majority of publications at the time. Rather than the Spanish “Juan Guillermos,” for example, I have kept the original “John Williams,” and rather than “Claudio Gay,” I write “Claude Gay.” Where the last name is affected or different versions of a proper name could cause confusion for a bibliographical search, I have indicated alternate spellings of those names in the notes. For public figures with Spanish double surnames, I have used the names under which they are commonly known (e.g., “Bernardo O’Higgins” but “Diego Barros Arana”); less known and twentieth-century individuals are generally identified by their paternal surnames only (e.g., “Emilio Held” instead of “Emilio Held Winkler”). All Spanish surnames are indexed by the paternal (first) surname in the bibliography. Quotes are in English throughout; unless otherwise indicated, translations are mine. Corresponding original-language quotes are provided in the notes.