Ableman v. Booth,, 31

abolitionism, 3, 6–7, 18, 41

Adarand Constructors v. Pena,, 172–173

affirmative action, 151–181, 194

Allgeyer v. Louisiana,, 108–109

American Insurance Co. v. Canter,, 8

alien land laws, 120

Alito, Samuel, 149

American Revolution, 4, 121

anti-miscegenation laws, 28, 103–104, 121

Articles of Confederation, 4, 78

Beauharnais v. Illinois,, 178–179

Berea College v. Kentucky,, 107

Berger, Raoul, 52

Bill of Rights, 47, 83

Black Codes, 44–45, 49, 55–56, 80, 189

Blackmun, Harry, 140, 152, 155, 162–164, 170, 172

Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell,, 148

Bolling v. Sharpe,, 132, 147, 195

Bradley, Joseph, 75, 81, 83, 89

Brennan, William, Jr., 151, 162, 164, 167, 170

Breyer, Stephen, 149, 176

Brown v. Board of Education,, xvii, 11, 72, 117, 128–134, 140, 142, 147, 149–150, 188–190

Buchanan v. Warley,, 108

Burger, Warren, 163, 188

busing, 138–141

capital punishment, 150–151

Chae Chan Ping v. United States,, 112

Chinese-Americans 82, 110–113, 119

Chinese Exclusion Act, 112

citizenship, 24–25, 43, 75–83, 189

Fourteenth Amendment, 48–56, 67–74

civil rights movement, 133, 138, 178–179

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 6, 47, 49–50, 52–53, 60, 68–69, 77, 82

Civil Rights Act of 1871, 84–85

Civil Rights Act of 1875, 61, 68, 88–94

Civil Rights Act of 1957, 72

Civil Rights Act of 1960, 72

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 61, 68, 72, 138–139, 161

Civil Rights Cases, 88–94

Civil War, 2, 39–44, 46, 83, 163, 174

Colfax Massacre, 74–75, 84

color-blindness, 106, 159–181

Commonwealth v. Aves,, 15

Compromise of 1850, 20

Connerly,Ward, 174

Constitutional Convention, 2

Cooley, Thomas, 57

Cooper v. Aaron,, 135–136

Corfield v. Coryell,, 48–49, 78, 83