corporations, 8, 26

Crawford v. Board of Education,, 138

criminal justice, 150–151

Cumming v. Board of Education,, 106–107

Declaration of Independence, 47, 52

de facto/de jure segregation, 143–144

defamation, 178–179

DeFunis v. Odegaard,, 197

Democratic Party, 20, 23, 29–30, 74

demographics, 146, 149, 187, 197

desegregation, 114–117, 127–152

Detroit, 145–146

DuBois, W. E. B., 39

De Witt, Jr., John, xv

discriminatory motive, 70, 150–152, 160, 192

diversity, 139–140, 145–146, 155–158, 162, 179–180

Douglas, Stephen A., 23

Dred Scott v. Sandford,, 7, 10, 12, 16, 23–33, 40, 42, 80, 105, 161, 188–189

due process clause

Fifth Amend-ment, 14, 30, 44

Fourteenth Amendment, 80, 108–109, 132

education, 49, 104, 114–117, 127, 150, 161–166, 173–174

Eisenhower, Dwight, 135

Emancipation Proclamation, 40–41, 92

Endo, Ex Parte, 119

Enforcement Act of 1870, 54

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 188

equal protection, 70, 80, 85–87, 101–121, 127–152, 159–181, 188–197

federalism, xvi–ix, 67, 74, 94, 151–52, 187–197

Field, Stephen, 81, 83

Fifteenth Amendment, xv, 32, 50, 58–59, 69–71, 73

Fifth Amendment, 28, 46, 55, 152

First Amendment, 135, 151, 178–179, 192

Fisher v. Hurst,, 115

Fong Yue Ting v. United States,, 112

Force Acts, 71

Fourteenth Amendment, xiv, xix, 31, 47, 51–62, 68–94, 101–121, 127–152, 159–181, 188–197

Franklin, Benjamin, 3

free soil, 23

Freeman v. Pitts,, 148

Freedmeen’s Bureau, 42, 46

fugitive slaves, 8–9, 14–15, 17, 21, 28, 40, 93

Full Faith and Credit clause, 9

Fullilove v. Klutznick,, 164–165, 167, 183n40

Garrison, William, 6–7, 18

Geary Act, 112

General Building Contractors Association, Inc. v. Pennsylvania,, 70

generational views on race, 187, 196–197

Giles v. Harris,, 71, 110

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 149, 176

Globalization, 187, 196–197