Holland, Michigan (continued)

Women’s Literary Club, 115, 122, 132

Holland, New York, 57, 171, 331

Holland City News,, 22, 105, 116–117, 119, 164

Holland Mania, 23, 149–167, 171, 210, 270

Holland Sentinel,, 22, 117–119, 121–123, 158, 173, 175, 180–183, 219, 221–224, 227, 234, 239, 255–256, 269, 271, 288, 294, 304–305

Holland Tulip Time Festival

antecedents of, 105–106, 108–115

audiences, 28, 149–167, 173, 207, 264–267, 272, 307, 324–327

celebrity appearances, 121–123, 182, 202

as city beautification, 115–117, 219–220

and carnival midway, 132, 239, 305

commercialization ofSee also Holland, Michigan: tourism., 147, 202, 222–224, 226–227, 271

controversy regarding beer sales at, 294–295

costumes, 118–121, 123, 126, 175–176, 179–185, 189, 200–202, 209–210, 235, 255, 260, 262, 265, 272, 302–303

Dutch food at, 121–122, 256

Dutch Heritage Show, 123, 183–184, 192, 201, 209–210, 259, 272

Dutch-style worship services, 123, 309, 319

emergence of, 115–124, 149–167

Holland Tulip Time Festival (continued)

emphasis on childrenSee also Holland Tulip Time Festival: Kinderparade, 172, 255, 260, 265, 268–269

and ethnic diversity. See Holland, Michigan: Latinos/Latinas in

klompen dances,, 5, 17, 118, 120–121, 123, 132–133, 172, 175–176, 180–184, 200–202, 209, 216, 235, 263–264, 268, 271, 302–304, 308–309

Kinderparade, 121, 181, 183–184, 200, 223–224, 249, 255–256, 260, 262, 302, 307

manifestations of religious factionalism in, 307–310

muziekparade,, 121, 132, 200, 223–224, 255

operettas performed at, 270, 334

pageants performed at, 270–272, 334

press coverage of, 119–120, 219–224, 226–227, 233–235, 237–239, 244, 325–326

street scrubbing, 120–121, 132–133, 157–158, 164, 219–220, 265–268

town tours, 93, 245–250, 253–254, 309–310

as unifying agent, 233–235, 237–238, 249, 262, 294–295, 301–306, 326

Volksparade, 120–121, 123, 158, 175–176, 180–181, 183–184, 200, 202, 223–224, 255

Hollandtown, Wisconsin, 69, 82, 113

Hop, Marlys, 191–192, 199