40. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987).

41.Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992); Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997); Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).

42.Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001); Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943); Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944); Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942); Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952); Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866); Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304 (1946).

43. Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Committee on Federal Courts, “The Indefinite Detention of ‘Enemy Combatants’: Balancing Due Process and National Security in the Context of the War on Terror,” (New York: Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 2004), 111, www.abcny.org/pdf/1C_WL06!.pdf (accessed September 7, 2007).

44. Yoo, War by Other Means.

45. Stephen Schulhofer, “Checks and Balances in Wartime: American, British and Israeli Experiences,” Michigan Law Review 102 (August 2004): 1906–1958.

46. See, for instance, Thomas Powers, “WHEN TO HOLD ’EM, The U.S. Should Detain Suspected Terrorists—Even if it Can’t Make a Case Against Them in Court,” Legal Affairs (September/October 2004), http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/September-October-2004/argument_powers_sepoct04.msp (accessed September 4, 2007); Andrew McCarthy, “Abu Ghraib and Enemy Combatants: An Opportunity to Draw Good Out of Evil,” National Review, May 11, 2004; http://www.nationalreview.com/mccarthy/mccarthy200405110832.asp (accessed September 4, 2007); Jack Goldsmith and Neal Katyal, “The Terrorists’ Court,” New York Times, July 11, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/opinion/11katyal.html (accessed June 15, 2008); Harvey Rishikof, “A Federal Terrorism Court,” Progressive Policy Institute (November 2007), http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=124&subsecID=307&contentID=254507 (accessed June 26, 2008); Ackerman Before the Next Attack; Philip B. Heymann and Juliette N. Kayyem, Protecting Liberty in an Age of Terror (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005), 41–52; Turner and Schulhofer, The Secrecy Problems in Terrorism Trials; Rosenzweig and Carafano, “Preventive Detention and Actionable Intelligence”; Tung Yin, “Ending the War on Terrorism One Terrorist at a Time: