Corruption in Tanzania:  The Case for Circumstantial Evidence
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3.7. Section 23: Public Officer Obtaining AdvantageWithout Lawful Consideration or WithoutAdequate Consideration

111

3.8. Requiring Public Officers to Account forTheir Acquired Properties

114

3.9. Section 27: Possession of Unexplained Property

115

3.10. Whistle-Blower and Witness Protection

119

3.11. Corrupt Electoral Practices

120

3.12. Valuation of Property Corruptly Acquired

125

Chapter 4: Theories and Empirical Research on Reliability of Circumstantial Evidence

133

4.1. The Case for Circumstantial Evidence

133

4.2. Direct Evidence

137

4.3. Classification of Circumstantial Evidence

141

4.4. Traditional Meaning of Circumstantial Evidence

143

4.5. Authentication of Writings and Circumstantial Evidence

145

4.6. Weaknesses of the Direct Evidence Paradigm

146

4.7. The Testimony of an Expert Witness

154

4.8. The Application of Circumstantial Evidence

161

4.9. Application of CircumstantialEvidence in East Africa

166

Chapter 5: Circumstantial Evidence and Entrapment: The U.S. Jurisprudential Experience

181

5.1. The Law on Entrapment: The Defence

181

5.2. Doctrine of Consent

192

5.3. Predisposition and Induced Acts

193

5.4. Encouragement

196

5.5. Practice of Entrapment Law in the U.S. and Its Relevance to Tanzania

201