Corruption in Tanzania:  The Case for Circumstantial Evidence
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1.4.5. Relevance of Study

25

1.4.6. Methodology and Sources

26

1.4.7. Research Areas

26

1.4.8. Context of This Research

28

1.5. The Case for Circumstantial Evidence

38

1.5.1. Limitation of the Study

43

Chapter 2: Corruption-Busting Policy Framework: Historical Background and Instruments

55

2.1. The Perspective of Corruption and the Tanzanian Environment

55

2.2. Policy Orientation to Combating Corruption

56

2.3. Political and Economic Environment in Tanzania

58

2.4. Globalisation and Corruption

62

2.5. The Legal Framework for Combating Corruption

63

2.5.1. SADC Protocol Against Corruption, 2001

70

2.5.2. African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AU Convention), 2003

72

2.5.3. The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), 2003

74

2.5.4. Common Elements to the Three Regional and International Instruments Against Corruption

76

Chapter 3: Examination of PCCA and Its Application

83

3.1. Anatomy of Corruption Offences

83

3.2. Mohamed Rafiq al Baghdad and 6 Others

84

3.3. The Highlights of the PCCA

95

3.4. Interpretation of Corruption Offences and the Import of Circumstantial Evidence in the PCCA

97

3.5. Interpretation of Corrupt Transactions

100

3.6. Use of Documents Intended to Mislead the Principal

106