advantage, 71, 87, 94, 98–100, 111–113, 122, 142, 195, 218, 220

authentication of writings, 145

bribery, 28–29, 31–32, 38, 50–51, 75–76, 96, 120–122, 223

cases

corruption, 2–3, 9, 13, 15, 19–20, 22–25, 27–28, 34, 42–43, 98, 134, 153, 155, 161, 166, 172, 182, 201, 232

criminal, 92, 163, 171, 222

entrapment, 181

white-collar, 205

convention

Africa Union, 72

United Nations, 74

the Vienna, 70

corrupt transactions, 10, 95, 100, 105, 155, 162, 208

corruption

anatomy of, 83

cross-border, 62

deterrence of, 36–37

political, 35, 97, 123

perception index, 12, 29

prevention of, 14, 56, 64–66, 96, 104, 107

theories, 4

covert operations, 205–207, 210, 213, 215, 231

direct evidence paradigm, 24–25, 134, 136, 146–148, 153, 171, 231

DNA, 41–42, 139, 148, 154, 171, 230–231

doctrine of consent, 192

East African Court of Appeal (EACA), 100–104, 111, 115, 126, 166–167, 178

entrapment, 91, 104, 181–201, 232

evidence

circumstantial, 2–4, 13, 15, 19, 22–28, 38, 55, 89, 98, 105, 112, 133–151, 153, 155, 159, 161–167, 169–172, 181, 206, 210, 215, 224, 229, 231

direct, 1–2, 23, 27, 39–42, 48, 87, 102, 134–139, 141, 143–148, 155, 163, 171, 181, 229–232

indirect, 98, 230

relevant, 39, 112, 138

reliability of circumstantial, 23, 135

utility of circumstantial, 13, 15, 25, 74, 89, 114, 137, 171

expert testimony, 150, 153, 157–159

extradition, 48, 72, 223

good governance, 5–10, 17, 30, 38, 58, 60, 64

legal framework, 2, 4, 16, 23–25, 63–65, 69, 74, 77

motive, 84, 89–90, 100, 102

Mutual legal assistance, 72