Secondary School External Examination Systems:  Reliability, Robustness and Resilience
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examination board, 20, 31–33, 37–39, 41, 43–45, 47–48, 137, 139, 142, 169–170, 192, 227, 244, 306

examination council, 106, 181, 275

examination question preparation, 22, 39–40, 60–61, 86–88, 109–110, 126–127, 139, 142, 158, 161–162, 172, 182–183, 192, 205, 218, 227, 230–232, 244, 248, 254, 256, 260, 271, 298, 324

examination question types

essays, 4, 83, 93, 109, 126, 169, 176, 184, 192, 217, 220, 233, 247–248, 268, 299, 322, 323–324, 330, 334, 347–348

extended-response/longer-answer, 61, 65–66, 93, 126, 158, 176, 183, 192

multiple-choice, 4, 6, 77, 83, 85, 89, 93, 95, 107, 126, 176, 182–183, 192–194, 230, 233, 246–247, 257, 260, 268, 272, 299, 324, 333, 348

short-answer, 93, 126, 169, 176, 182–183, 233, 299, 324

See also oral examinations

Federation of Malaya

Certificate, 106

Further Education and Training Certificate, 138

General Certificate of Education, 36, 38, 47, 123–129, 131–132, 270, 279–280

General Certificate of Secondary Education, 32, 37–41, 43, 45–49

General Education and Training Certificate, 138, 149

General Education Graduating Certificate, 6, 191, 193

General Secondary Certificate, 154, 156–157, 159–160, 162

gradesSee also marking; moderation; standard-setting, 5, 21–23, 26, 36–38, 41, 43–47, 49, 56, 58–59, 72, 84, 89, 107–109, 111–113, 116, 126–127, 140, 144, 156, 159, 172, 175, 184, 192, 216–217, 219–222, 225, 227, 230, 234, 244–247, 249–250, 260, 271–272, 275, 277, 280, 293, 295, 299, 328–331, 342, 345–346, 348

Higher School Certificate, 31, 34, 56–61, 67–68, 71–75, 77, 105–109, 112, 117, 275

Higher Secondary School Certificate, 168, 171, 173

internal assessment, xiii, 20–22, 25, 38, 44–45, 56–59, 71–74, 76–77, 84, 86, 115–117, 126–127, 143–144, 149, 161, 168–169, 172, 183–184, 203–204, 206–207, 221–222, 226, 231, 244, 246, 254, 258, 261, 272–273, 282, 293–296, 299, 320–321, 330–331, 341–342, 344–345, 347–348

International Baccalaureate, xi

xiv–xv, 6, 38, 82, 103, 132, 154, 209, 292, 298, 300, 311–315, 319–335, 340, 349

item bank, 109, 162, 183, 192, 194, 236, 248, 256, 324