administrator(s), 3, 8, 11–14, 18, 20–23, 26–28, 32, 35, 39, 58–59, 86–87, 124, 128, 139, 142–143, 147–151, 156–157, 159–160, 164, 166, 178–180, 182, 186, 188, 195–196, 200–205, 207–214, 218–222, 224–225, 231–232

Anhui group (Wanxi), 72–76, 79–80, 83–84

authority, 2, 6–11, 16, 20, 23, 26–27, 29, 32, 35, 40–41, 48, 59, 61–62, 65–68, 87–89, 110, 119, 121, 129, 132–134, 136, 150, 155–157, 161, 166, 175

absolute, 229

autocratic, 29, 68

imperial, 10, 45

impersonal, 6

legislative, 8

personal, 2, 8–9, 59, 156, 160, 197, 226, 228

political, 61, 63, 88, 134, 155, 246

authoritarian power, 3

autocratic, 29, 42, 58–59, 68, 121, 125, 148, 167, 188, 230, 232

Bai Chongxi, 90, 97

bandits, 100, 111

Beiyang Army, 65–66, 70–73

Blue Shirts, 125

Buddhism, 10

bureaucracy, 2, 8, 22–25, 32, 36–37, 39, 44–47, 63, 72, 141–142

CCP, 93–98, 105–106, 108–112, 114, 117–118, 130, 132–133, 136, 138–139, 141–145, 147, 150, 156, 161–162, 167, 180–181, 183, 185, 193–194, 198, 200–203, 205, 207, 211, 215, 217–219, 225, 227–229, 232

Chen Duxiu, 93–94, 96, 153

Chen Yi, 100, 114, 176, 188

Chen Yun, 145, 147, 150, 176, 194, 203, 245

Chiang Kai-shek, 11, 19, 64, 90–94, 96–97, 101–105, 107, 109, 111, 120–121, 123–125, 129–130, 133, 203, 245n41

Chinese Communist Party, 13, 93, 135, 139, 146, 151–153, 163, 211, 227

Chongqing, 96

civil service, 42–43, 47–48, 223

civil war, 68, 89, 98, 105–107, 110–111, 113, 126, 129, 139, 161, 183, 191, 196

Cixi. See Empress Dowager

class struggle, 148, 151, 154, 163, 165, 182, 200

Confucianism, 47–48, 214

connotation(s), 6, 8–9, 17–18, 54, 59, 61, 63, 88, 115, 134, 160–161, 190, 234

Constitution, 3, 6, 10–12, 21, 56, 64, 69, 71, 85, 109–110, 121, 126, 131–132, 135, 144, 146–148, 155–156, 159–160, 166, 175–176, 186, 199, 227