constitutional, 3, 12, 57, 68–70, 76, 89–90, 92–93, 107, 110, 132, 172, 177, 185

corruption, 2, 7, 11, 13–14, 30, 33–34, 39, 49, 52, 79, 88, 128, 131, 141, 149, 151, 181, 202, 206, 208, 212–214, 218, 222

court

imperial, 10, 40, 45, 54, 57, 65, 88

inner, 28, 34–36, 162, 166, 169, 182

outer, 34–36

Cultural Revolution, 8, 12–13, 32, 135–137, 155, 157, 159–163, 165–173, 175–183, 185, 187–189, 191–195, 197–198, 200–201, 203, 205–206, 211, 215, 217, 219–220, 222

Dai Li, 122, 124–126

democracy, 9, 11, 13, 19, 64, 93, 109–110, 125–126, 133–134, 141–142, 152, 155, 161–162, 167, 188, 196–199, 215–218

democracy movement, 199

Democracy Wall, 196–198, 216–217

Deng Xiaoping, 13, 139, 154, 168, 170–172, 188, 193–194, 197, 201, 214, 220–221

distinction(s), 6, 17–18, 34, 63, 205–206, 228

Duan Qirui, 65, 68, 70–74, 83, 85

emperors, 5, 19, 22–24, 26–28, 31–35, 39, 42, 44, 51–52, 59, 87, 180

Empress Dowager, 54–55, 58, 65–66

fa, 17, 56, 238, 244–245

Gang of Four, 191, 202

Gansu (Province), 112

Gao Gang, 139

GMD, 77, 93–98, 104–105, 108–111

Grand Council, 34–37

Great Leap Forward, 144–146, 152, 181

Green Gang, 97, 109

Guangdong (Province), 71, 91, 93–95, 98, 100, 102, 222

Guangxi, 90, 96–97, 102

Guangxu Emperor. See Puyi (emperor)

Guangzhou, 53, 71, 98–99, 108

Guomindang (GMD), 77, 82, 89–90, 92–93, 98, 103, 108–110, 113, 121, 125, 127–128, 131, 183, 219

Hai Rui, 181–182

Han dynasty, 20–25, 40, 48, 50, 52

Hanlin (Academy), 32, 48

He Long, 98, 100

Hebei (Province), 67, 72, 74, 112

Henan (Province), 76–77, 84, 112

Hong Kong, 53, 100

Hu Hanmin, 108

Hu Yaobang, 194–195, 200, 206, 213, 219–220, 222, 224

Hua Guofeng, 191–192, 194–195, 200

Huangpo (Military Academy), 91, 102–103, 122, 124

Hubei (Province), 74, 100

human rights, 4, 126, 188, 197, 201–202

Hunan (Province), 73, 81, 91, 94, 98, 100, 152

Hundred Days' Reform (1898), 10, 53

Japan, 21, 106, 110–111, 130, 183

Jiang Qing, 169, 171, 173–174, 176, 178–182, 187–188