boys’ culture, 152–159

Brah, Avatar, 170, 182

Brown, Colin, 29, 32, 117

Buddhism, 20, 93, 100, 124n6, 126–127n23, 142, 145

Budianta, Melani, xiii–xvii, xxiii, 33, 60, 69, 130–131n45

Budiman, Arief, 200

Calder, Bobby J., 56, 62

casino films/genre, 162, 173n9, 180

Casino Raiders, 4, 137, 153–154, 158, 162, 180

Castells, Manuel, 43n11

Catholic(s), 86, 109, 128n35, 146, 158, 162, 169

ceng beng, 19, 81, 124n7, 125n17, 144, 146

Cina Benteng, 189, 195n12

Chan, Jackie, 4, 173n9

Chen, Ie Lian, 152, 159.

See alsoXiao Long Nu (Little Dragon Lady)

China, xiii–xv, xxi, 2, 4–5, 7, 9, 11–12, 13n1, 18–21, 24–27, 30, 33, 36–38, 42n4, 71n4, 73–74, 77–78, 80, 96, 99, 106–107, 114, 122, 123n1, 126n20, 129, 134–137, 139–140, 158, 160, 165, 171, 172n1, 172–173n5, 179–181, 192–193, 200–201, 205, 207, 216, 233

China as a mythic homeland, 5–8, 10, 37, 121, 135–136, 192

ChinesenessChinesenessxxiin1, xv–xvi, xv–xvi, 8, 10, 12, 36, 41, 69, 73–74, 91, 134, 140, 145, 148, 157, 162, 171, 175, 179, 188, 200, 224

Chinese culture, xxi, 1, 8, 10–11, 20, 29, 36, 70, 71n4, 81–82, 93–94, 96, 104, 107, 109, 114–116, 118, 134–135, 137, 140, 142, 144–147, 150–151, 162, 171, 178, 181, 185–186, 188, 191–192, 194n1, 194n4, 197, 200–202, 222–223, 225–226

Chinese dialects

Hakka, 28, 80, 115, 178, 186

Hokkien, 30, 77, 80, 83, 124n9, 151

Hokchia, 71n4.

See also Hokchia (Fuqing) Association.

Teochew, 77, 201

Chinese language, 71n4, 80, 101–102, 114, 116, 171, 178, 188, 190, 199, 202, 232

films and series, 8, 12, 14n6, 58, 91, 118–119, 121–122, 133, 135–137, 139, 140–141, 143, 148, 150, 152–153, 158–159, 162–165, 175–177, 179, 190–191, 193

media, 187

press, 106, 151, 185, 199