Islamic(ate), 7, 220, 230

Islamist, 2, 5–7, 14–19, 33, 42, 51–57, 98–102, 106, 108–110, 113, 117–122, 124, 128–129, 140, 145, 192–194, 197, 199–204, 208, 211, 226, 232–233, 235, 241–242

Islamist AKP (Turkey), 14

Islamization, 14, 98, 100–101, 107, 109, 139, 157, 165, 198–200, 210, 233–234, 240

Jalalabad, 79

Jamaate Islami Bangladesh (JIB), 138, 140–143, 147–148

Japan, 30, 221, 307n9

Jihad, jihadists, 15, 99, 104–108, 110–111, 149, 160n37, 202, 211, 229, 255, 257, 259–260, 262, 264, 274–275, 278

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, Qaid-I Azam, 133–134, 169

Kabul, 77, 79, 251, 255, 258, 262, 266–267, 270, 272, 274, 278, 280, 283n19

Karachi, 134

Karimov, Islam, 299, 305

Karzai, Hamid, Afghanistan, 78, 80–91, 257–258, 271, 279

Kashmir, 106–107, 115, 167, 169, 178, 183

Kazakhstan, Kazaks, 9, 288, 291, 293–301, 305

labor. See also workers, workers’ movements., 205

Lahore Conference, 130–132

liberal democracy, 73, 76, 118–120, 164, 204

Liberalism, 239

liberalization, 45, 191, 193, 199, 237, 289

Majlis al-shura, consultative assembly, 164

Malay Islam, 221–223, 229, 241

macro-political developments, 200

Marx, Marxist, 136, 176, 195–196, 236

Mawlana Sayyid Abulala Mawdudi, 164, 172

Medina, compact of, 20–22, 27n10

Middle East Research Council, 31

migration, 147, 172, 240, 262, 294, 297

modernity, 2, 15, 17, 114, 231

modernization, 22, 103, 113, 118–119, 242, 244n2

Mohamad, Mahathir bin, 231, 235, 240

Muhajirun, 21

Muslim Majlis-I Mushawarat (MMM), 174–175

Nationalism, 5, 104, 110, 116, 118, 128, 134–135, 173, 182, 196, 198, 223, 225, 227, 229–230, 294, 303

NATO, 80–82, 84, 87, 251, 258, 267, 273, 282n5, 300, 306

natural resources, 287, 291, 296, 301, 303

Netherlands, 182, 221

Operation Enduring Freedom, 256

oil, 101, 103, 233, 287, 291, 296, 300, 304–305

opium, 80–85, 87–88, 90–91