Partai Persatuan Pembangunam—United Development Party, 107, 198

pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PMIP), 226

Pashtun, 8–9, 41, 77–79, 111, 252, 254–256, 258, 260, 267, 274–275, 277–278, 282n8

Pentagon, 302

perestroika, 237, 289

post-Suharto Indonesia, 7, 192–193, 200–202, 204, 209, 212n4

Production and Construction Corps (Bingtuan), 294

Prophet Muhammad, 20–23, 53, 114, 146, 160n37, 237

Punjab, Punjabi, 41, 134, 148, 169–170, 179

Putin, Vladimir, 298

Qur’an, 19–20, 23–24, 53, 114, 163, 228

reformasi, 193, 196, 199, 209–210

Russia, 288–291, 293–294, 297–300, 305–306

Sectarianism, 80, 101–102, 108

secular, secularism, 5–6, 16–18, 33, 49–53, 55–57, 76, 86, 102, 106–107, 119–120, 122, 128–130, 132, 134–135, 138, 140, 145–147, 149, 154, 157, 165, 171–172, 174, 197–200, 203, 210, 219, 229, 247n36

Shah, 15, 221, 244n2

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 299

Sharia, Shari’a Law, 38, 42–43, 52–53, 63, 101, 107, 114, 117, 140, 148, 164, 171, 197, 199, 203–204, 210, 222, 224–225, 233–234, 239–240

shariah, 15, 19–20

Shia, 98, 104

Shiite, 38–41, 60, 76, 259, 280

Shura, 23–26, 38, 122, 163–164, 256

Sikhs, Sikhism, 110, 129, 180, 192, 221

Singapore, 120

social contract, 21–22, 222

socialism, 101, 135, 138, 159n14, 226

sovereignty, 20–21, 124, 164, 299

Suharto, 7, 139, 191–193, 196–209

Sunni, 5, 8, 38, 41, 60, 98, 128, 148, 254, 264

Sunnah, 24

Taliban, 8–9, 19, 76–78, 83–91, 99, 107, 109, 111, 115–117, 157, 251–281, 301, 305

Talibanization, 149, 157

terrorism, 5, 7–8, 14–15, 18, 99, 106, 109–110, 116, 157, 254, 258–261, 265, 282n8, 300–301

Treaty of Good Neighborly Relations, Friendship, and Cooperation, 298

UNESCO, 32, 66, 86

United Malays’ National Organization (UMNO), 226–227, 229, 231–232, 235–236, 239–242

United Nations, 78, 82, 86, 135–136

United Nations Security Council, 78