Chapter 1: | Life |
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—Tolstoy, 1859 21
Tolstoy left Russia only twice, visiting Western Europe in 1857 and again in 1860 to 1861. His first trip took him to France, Germany, and Switzerland. Paris impressed him with its arts and culture (“I am a flagrant ignoramus, I have never felt it so powerfully as here. If only for that, I should be thankful to have come, especially as my ignorance is not, I can feel it, irreparable” 22 ) as well as the joie de vivre of its people, and he set himself a hectic schedule of museums, libraries, galleries, and theaters. A public execution by guillotine sickened him and provided the excuse to quit France dramatically for Switzerland. 23 To visit the