U.S. Department of Defense. See also United States Department of Defense, 171, 231

USS Cole, 22

Vibrio cholerae. See also cholera, 128, 136

Victoria Falls, 223–224

Virunga National Park, 199

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 151

Volcanoes National Park, 199

Vulnerability framework, 139

Wade, Abdoulaye, 92

Wanke, Major Daouda Mallam, 18

water scarcity, 165, 180, 192

water stress, 33, 142, 144, 151, 155, 158, 160–161, 164–165

water vapor (H2O). See also greenhouse gas (GHG), 145

waterborne diseases, 150, 179

West Africa, xv, 89–90, 97, 99, 102, 105–106, 109, 143, 158–159, 187, 191

Westphalia System, 170

World Health Organization (WHO), 14, 134, 135, 148

wildlife. See also and park, nature conservancy, wildlife and park, 203, 213–214, 218–219, 221–223, 228–229, 240

Wolof, 94

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. See also Environmental Change and Security Program (ECSP), xii, 232

World Bank, 68, 83, 85, 185, 195

World Food Program, 23

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 231

xenophobic violence, 111–123, 178

Zaghawa clan, 39–41

Zambia, 150, 161, 174, 213, 219–220

Ziguinchor, 90–91, 94–95, 99, 103

Zimbabwe, xiv, 121, 127, 130, 136–139, 174, 178, 188, 213, 219–220, 223–225

Zulu, 112