helpful feedback in this process; and to David Earl for his help with the recordings. I also thank the academics who generously replied to my unsolicited e-mails with offers of help, the anonymous reviewers of this book, and the staff at Cambria Press.
I would like to thank also the undergraduates who showed a willingness to take part in the manipulation exercise, and to the anonymous IELTS candidates whose discourse I have scrutinised here.
Of course this study would not have been possible without the loving support of my friends and family, particularly my wife Soonah, who helped me with the recordings, and my sons, James and John, who wondered when it was all going to end. My love and thanks goes out to them all.
Finally, I give thanks and praise to the Lord God who answered my prayers in time of need and was with me throughout.