teaching. See language, learning/teaching

temporal, 26–27, 66, 71, 118n4, 125, 160, 172, 248

tense, 39–40, 42, 45, 86, 156, 177

termination, 86, 88, 176, 209

TESOL. See also language, learning/teaching, 21, 70, 84, 249

testing. See IELTS; language, testing

texts, 4–5, 10–21, 27–31, 36–41, 47–48, 56, 72, 74, 110, 179, 182, 221, 246–247

texting, 2, 238

texture. See also index, texture, 28, 30–31

thematic areas, 95–97

themes. See topic

theory, 14–15, 42, 45, 247

Thurlow, R., 245

Todd, R. W., 33

type-token ratios, 24

Tomiyana, M., 35

Tomlin, R. S., 20, 33

tone. See also intonation, 104

Tonkyn, A., 26, 32, 66–67, 160

top-down strategies, 110

topic, 12, 16, 22–23, 30–33, 55, 59, 96–97, 109–110, 171, 180, 186, 197, 203, 214, 217, 226

discourse. See discourse, topic

drift, 32–33

maintenance, 33

shift, 30–31, 33, 78–79, 166, 186

Towell, R., 26

Townsend, D., 47

transactional discourse, 2

transcription, 64–65, 110

turn, 2–4, 16, 65–66, 93, 95–96, 120–125, 164, 238

analysis, 69–70

background, 93, 96–97, 110–112, 145

constructional unit, 65

focus, 93, 95–98, 101, 110–112, 145–146

length. See length, turn

long, 61–62, 65, 94, 107, 109, 112, 118n2, 122, 124, 148, 153, 163–164, 166–170, 172–173, 199–203

rating. See rating, turn

tutor. See teacher

Tyler, A., 32, 38–47, 49–50, 58, 115, 164, 175, 182, 216, 245

underdeterminancy, 180, 216

understanding, 3–4, 11, 14, 20, 22–23, 41, 182, 219, 242

units, 20, 24, 26, 28–30, 43, 65–67, 88, 119, 176, 198, 245–246

universal topic continuity hierarchy, 34

university. See also educational establishments, 30, 61, 110, 161, 243

unnaturalness, 43, 104–105, 115–116

unplanned discourse. See also discourse, planning, 32, 55, 59, 163, 236, 246

utility, 168

utterances. See also sentences, 1, 4, 10, 14, 17, 42, 56, 66, 75, 151, 166, 174, 180, 221, 233

vagueness. See aboutness

validity, 31, 40, 55–57, 70, 92, 97, 104, 115, 152, 160, 174, 245