internal. See also specificity, 17–20, 75–79, 135, 151, 154, 158, 162, 166, 168, 175, 179–180, 189, 195–196, 208–215, 224–226, 236

semantics, 35, 180

sentence level, 2, 28, 37, 198, 237–238

sentences, 4, 10, 12–14, 29, 35–36

complex, 35

connection, 32

severity (of miscue), 2, 6, 34, 49, 54, 58–59, 71–73, 97, 106, 118n2, 129–130, 134–135, 139–140, 158, 168, 173–177, 187, 233–235, 239

Sharp, A., 39

Short, M., 11

Shriberg, E. E., 104

signposts, 42

Sinclair, J. M., 10

Sirkan, R. M., 120

Skehan, P., 25, 171, 241, 248

skill, 25, 28, 30

Smith, L. E., 22

sociolinguistic competence, 239–240

Soukoreff, R.W., 243

speaker. See also listener, 1–2, 4, 11, 14, 20–22, 24–25, 27, 31, 38, 42, 55, 59, 154, 182, 191, 199, 239

SPEC. See also specificity, 74–78, 84, 86, 88–89, 94, 99, 107, 132–143, 154, 168, 174, 177–178, 185, 191, 198, 211–215, 233

specificity. See also speech, 30–31, 39–40, 42–43, 49, 74, 76–78, 84, 86, 88, 158, 166, 174–175, 177–178, 180–181, 184, 188, 190–196, 198, 202–203, 206, 211–215, 223–224, 233–234, 237, 242–243

speech rate, 24, 26

Sperber, D., 14–15, 17, 179

spoken discourse. See discourse, spoken

Spooren, W., 10

staging of questions, 109–110

Stalnaker, R. C., 18

statements. See also utterances, 14, 20, 81, 198

Stockwell, P., 103

Stoddard, S., 28–30

strategies, 11, 24, 47, 80, 110, 153, 164, 167, 203, 227, 230, 239, 243–244, 246

stress, 104

student. See also non-native speaker, 3, 6, 24–25, 30, 32, 40, 47, 55, 58, 61, 63, 102, 112, 114, 121, 154, 160, 178, 187, 189, 195, 198, 205, 211, 235, 238–239, 241–244, 249

subordination, 29, 33, 43–44, 66

Swain, M., 239, 242

syntactic

categories, 140–143, 177

complexity, 241, 244

incorporation, 42–44, 189

mode, 33, 164

syntax. See also grammar, 35

synthesis, 102, 241

talk, 2, 21, 42, 182, 239

task, 62–63, 95–97, 119–120, 152

task-based syllabus, 239

Tauroza, S., 44, 200

teacher. See also practitioners, 4, 57–58, 61, 102, 175, 187, 189, 195, 198, 205, 211, 238–244, 247