enlightenment, 6, 90, 161, 167, 320n19, 321n26, 340n335, 340n339, 341n349, 343n382, 349n499, 350n501, 352n544, 353n566, 353n568, 353n571, 358n654, 379, 409, 422, 425–426

extended family, 168, 180

extraterritoriality, 32

Fang Junying, 61, 327n108, 380

Fawcett, Millicent, 123

female nationalists (nüguomin), 5, 56, 330n173, 404

femininity, 10, 12, 15, 22, 46, 49, 64, 131, 227, 234, 263, 271, 303, 316, 321n21, 363n730, 410, 419

feminist discourse, 2–3, 8, 10–11, 14–15, 91, 102, 149–150, 152, 188, 204, 208, 253

Fong, Grace S., 31, 323n43

foreign concession, 32

Fourth World Women's Conference, 20

franchise, 16, 94, 99, 102–108, 111–112, 117–119, 123, 126–128, 131, 138, 143–145, 155–156, 158, 251, 335n242, 356n614, 370, 398

freedom of speech, 23, 52, 158, 265

Fukuda Hideko, 59, 61

Ge Gongzhen, 257

gender equality, 3, 5, 9, 14–15, 24, 26, 36, 40, 47, 51–52, 57, 60, 64, 69, 90–91, 101, 103–105, 109, 113–117, 120, 127, 140, 142–144, 148–150, 155–157, 163, 171, 176–177, 179, 189, 191, 205, 218–221, 223, 225–227, 230, 237, 242, 250, 252, 258–260, 264–268, 270, 273–274, 276, 280, 285–286, 295, 301, 304, 311–313, 315, 317–318, 328n126, 339n327, 358n660, 359n666, 378, 402, 408, 416

gender hierarchy, 2, 9–10, 12, 15, 26, 30, 121, 144, 154, 227

gender norms, xiii–xiv, 3, 5, 12, 23–24, 30, 87, 149, 152, 177, 234, 264, 290, 302

gender segregation, xiv

gentry girls (guixiu), 48, 143

gentry women, 3, 5, 12, 21, 30, 35, 52–53, 97

Gilmartin, Christina Kelley, 11, 251, 320n12, 349n499–500

“good wives and wise mothers” (liangqi xianmu), 5, 7, 22, 49, 64, 72, 78, 99, 139–140, 155, 263, 268, 299–300, 302–304, 311, 339n324, 364n755, 364n757, 381, 389, 392, 401

Girls’ Practical School (Jissen School), 55

Gong Yuanchang, 6, 73, 329n144, 380

Guangxu emperor, 35–36, 41, 44, 52–53

Guo Jianren, 124, 380

Guo Miaoran, 158, 180, 345n426, 381

Guomindang Civil Code, 205, 273, 284, 286

Guo Zhenyi, 258

Gutzlaff, August, 32