Chu Songxue, 222, 224, 352n539, 378

“Civil Portions in Effect” (minshi youxiao bufen), 150, 161, 217

civil rights, 8, 22, 82, 107, 218–219, 280, 296, 312

civil service exam, 29–30, 33, 40, 53, 65

civil society, 16–18, 323n35–36, 425–426

class struggle, 9–10, 159, 270, 308

coeducation, 131, 149–150, 170–179, 183, 209, 344n402, 346n441, 391, 404

consensual marriage, 51, 76, 78, 91, 149–150, 153, 163, 165, 168–170, 179, 239, 287, 343n396, 391, 395

Confucianism, 37, 148, 176, 268

Confucian ethics, 136, 139, 147, 154–155, 168, 170, 182, 210, 268, 284–286, 293

constitutional reform, 5, 33–34, 41

concubinage, 71, 91, 110, 130, 154, 161, 182, 211, 236, 238, 241–242, 259, 275, 284–285, 358n658, 384

Croll, Elisabeth, 9, 15, 257, 319n7

Criminal Code of the Great Qing Currently in Use (Da Qing xianxing xinglü), 150, 161, 217

Dai Jitao, 95

Davin, Delia, 9, 319n7

democracy, 4, 6, 31, 34, 39, 102, 147–149, 152–153, 158, 169, 184, 209, 211, 321n25, 332n208, 343n396, 391, 416

Deng Chunlan, 147, 170–174, 184, 344n401, 346n443, 346n445, 379

Deng Yingchao, 163, 181, 189–190, 192, 194, 197–200, 341n361, 342n363, 343n383, 343n389, 344n413, 347n456–457, 347n460, 347n462–464, 365, 377, 379, 383, 401, 406, 410–411

Di Chuqing, 69, 85

Ding Chuwo, ix, 58, 66–68, 73, 77, 329n145, 332n204, 379

Ding Ling, 303–304, 363n737, 378

domesticity, 2, 20, 256, 263, 268, 280, 322n26, 418, 423

double burden, 10, 268

double standard, 264, 280–281, 286, 297, 301, 312

Du Qingchi, 59, 67, 70, 86, 328n133, 332n204, 380

Du Junhui, 261, 264, 269–270, 282, 357n640–641, 359n675, 379, 401

Duan Qirui, 220, 350n513, 395

Draft Civil Code of the Great Qing (Da Qing minlü caoan), 217

The Eastern Times (Shibao), 95, 104, 111–112, 124, 179, 430

Edwards, Louise, 13, 321n25, 326n100

emancipation, 3, 8–9, 11–12, 15, 23–24, 36–37, 39, 57, 60, 62, 149, 152–156, 158, 163–164, 170, 178, 180, 184, 190–201, 205–206, 208, 215–216, 218, 220, 225, 227–230, 232, 236, 239–240, 247–250, 253–254, 259, 263, 265, 269–271, 280, 282–283, 287, 295, 311–312, 315–317, 326n93, 345n427, 345n429–430, 346n443, 349n499, 351n532, 351n535, 352n548, 354n578, 355n601, 376, 379, 386, 391–392, 397–398, 400, 402–403, 406, 409