soil erosion. See also deforestation; land use and degradation; siltation; watershed management

causes, 86, 185, 195–196, 201, 214, 220

control programs, 9, 37, 217, 229, 231

impacts, 85, 114, 217, 221, 223, 233, 340

prevention, 195, 224–225

soil and water conservation. See also water conservation; water resources, utilization and management

community participation and initiatives, 51–52, 394

conservation structures, 147, 220–221, 229–232, 302, 310, 312–313

conservation tillage, 224–225

government policies and programs, 15, 51–52, 200–201, 215, 224, 227–232, 234, 236–239, 336

indigenous conservation practices, 51, 221, 223–227

peasant associations, 107, 226–227, 229–230

West Delta Project, 49

statutory and customary laws, 17, 115, 316

transboundary water management. See also Awash River; Blue Nile; Nile; Nile Basin Initiative; Omo River; watershed management., 2–3, 8–10, 14, 18, 38, 272–273, 388, 391

villagization, 235

water conservation

Egypt, 48–50

Ethiopia. See soil and water conservation

Sudan, 50–51

Upper Nile countries, 51–52

water governance, 2, 8, 10, 14

water policies, master plans and initiatives, 18, 52, 69, 110, 157–158, 226

water pollution

Addis Ababa, 324–325, 327–329

coffee processing waste, 333

ecological impact, 41, 323, 332, 361

eutrophication, 74, 85, 330, 332

fertilizers, 332–333

groundwater contamination, 329, 334

heavy metals, 322–323, 327–328

herbicides, 331–332, 334, 340

industrial water pollution, 41, 69, 261–262, 321–323, 328, 330, 336, 340–341

legislation, 323–325, 327, 329

pesticides, 322, 331–332, 334, 340

pollution control, 158, 336–339, 392

potential water treatment methods, 337–339

water resources development. See also water resources management, 13–14, 16–20, 37, 64, 76–77, 89, 226–227