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3. Kane, Protecting the Rights, 20.

4. Ibid., 20.

5. World Directory of Minorities—Sub-Saharan Africa, http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Sub-Saharan-Africa/Sub-Saharan-Africa.html (accessed April 6, 2009).

6. See, for example, Richard Werbner, “Introduction: Challenging Minorities, Difference and Tribal Citizenship in Botswana,” Journal of Southern African Studies 28, no. 4, (December 2002): 670.

7. Ibid. This brand of human rights, Werbner noted, is fostered across Africa through the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, and the Working Group on Minorities of the United Nation.

8. John Packer and Erik Friberg, “Genocide and Minorities: Preventing the Preventable,” (London: Minority Rights Group International), April 7, 2004, 1.

9. “Foreword,” in Ibrahima Kane, Protecting the Rights of Minorities in Africa: A Guide for Human Rights Activists and Civil Society Organizations (London: Minority Rights Group International, 2008), 15–17.

10. The assimilation policies that began during the colonial period aimed to deemphasize ethnicity by absorbing the other groups into Tswana society. See Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo, Minority Tribes in Botswana: The Politics of Recognition (London: Minority Rights Group, 2009), 1.

11. Kane, Protecting the Rights, 20.

12. Cited in Richard L. Sklar, “Political Science and National Integration—a Radical Approach,” The Journal of Modern African Studies 5, no. 2 (1967): 1.

13. Robert H. Bates, When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 9–10.

14.David J. O'Brien and Stephen S. Fugita, “Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture,” The Pacific Sociological Review 25, no. 2 (1982): 185–204; Elena Ermolaeva, “Middleman Minorities in Black-White Affirmative Action Debate,” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA, August 12, 2005); Walter P. Zenner, Minorities in the Middle: A Cross-Cultural Analysis (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991).