15. For a sociological perspective on these trading minorities, see Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Anchor Books, 2004).

16. Kenneth B. Noble, “Fearing Domination by Blacks, Indians of South Africa Switch Loyalties,” New York Times (April 22, 1994), 8.

17. Ibid.

18. Eghosa E. Osaghae, “Ethnic Minorities and Federalism in Nigeria,” African Affairs 90 (1991): 237–258 (237).

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid. See also Frederick Barth, Ethnic Groups and their Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1969). For a recent application of this to the Nigerian situation, see O. Otite, Ethnic Pluralism, Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria (Ibadan, Nigeria: Safari Books, 1990).

21. Ukoha Ukiwo, “On the Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria,” University of Oxford Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Working Paper No. 12 (Oxford: Oxford University, 2005): 4.