List of Figures

ix

List of Tables

xi

Acknowledgments

xxi

Abbreviations

xxiii

Chapter 1: Introduction

1

Chapter 2: Theoretical Background

9

2.0. Introduction

9

2.1. Historical Sketch of SLA Research

10

2.2. Processability Theory

30

2.3. Competing Approaches to Cross-Linguistic Influence (L1–L2 Transfer)

70

2.4. Literature Review of Earlier Studies on Japanese L2

75

2.5. Conclusion

88

Chapter 3: Hypotheses

91

3.0. Introduction

91

3.1. Brief Description of Japanese Grammar

92

3.2. Hypotheses

100

3.3. Summary

128

Chapter 4: Research Methodology

131

4.0. Introduction

131

4.1. Hypothesis Summary and Research Questions

132

4.2. Method of Data Collection

134