Table 2.1. Stages in GSL and processing strategies.

21

Table 2.1. Stages in GSL and processing strategies.

21

Table 2.2. Stages in ESL acquisition: Syntactic structures.

25

Table 2.3. Stages in ESL acquisition: Morphology.

26

Table 2.4. Hypothetical hierarchy of processing procedures.

52

Table 2.5. Processing procedures applied to English L2.

64

Table 2.6. Processing procedures applied to Japanese L2.

64

Table 2.7. Accuracy rates (%) by voice, case-marker order, and L1 in the pretest.

79

Table 3.1. Processing hierarchy of Japanese syntactic/morphological structures.

101

Table 3.2. Three features in English and Romance languages (L1) and Japanese (L2).

126

Table 3.3. Hypothesis on initial syntax of Japanese L2 with typologically different L1 background learners based on DMTH and FT/FA.

127

Table 4.1. Processing hierarchy of Japanese syntactic/morphological structures.

133