kikoku-shijo (Japanese students who return to Japan after living overseas), 90, 101, 101, 230

Kikumura-Yano, Akemi, 19, 39, 137

Kikyo (coming home), 133, 147–148

Kimigayo (Japanese national anthem), 149–150

King Philip III, 110, 112

Kirishitans (Japanese Christians), 108–109

kitsuke (kimono ensemble techniques), 20, 217–219, 221, 223

Koku-go, 98, 102

kokusaika (internationalization), 226

Korea, xvii, 7, 13, 32, 42, 109, 239, 244

Koto (a Japanese zither), 54, 115, 124

kuni (home or homeland), 88, 97, 99

Kysh, Japan, 36, 107–108

legal rights, 40–41

linguistic, 43, 88–89, 91–93, 96–99, 115, 153, 168, 172, 245, 272, 281

authenticity, 88

linguistically, 88, 245

locality, 22, 88, 93, 95–97, 99–100, 227–228

long-term visitor(s), 89

Lüda. See Dalian

Make-gumi (a group of people who accepted the news that Japan lost the war), 64, 82

Manado, 243, 246, 250–252, 256

Manchuria, 35, 40–43, 45

Manjir, John, 34

Manzanar, CA. See Relocation Center, 211

marriage(s)

cross-cultural, 243, 250–251, 253–255, 256

Marunouchi, Tokyo, 97

matrifocal, 22, 226

Meiji, xvii, 34–35, 45, 142, 155, 215, 217

Meiji Civil Code, 215

meishi (name card or business card), 221

Mexican Nikkei. See Nikkei

Mexico City, 33, 109, 111, 126, 150, 157

miai (arranged marriage), 203, 216, 222

Miller, Roy Andrew, 145

Min, Pyong Gap, 11

Ministry of Education, 23, 89–90, 98, 101

Mixtec, 229

mobilizationist perspective, 13

monogenesis theory, 8

moral, 8–10, 217, 269, 277

Mosk, Carl, 135

muko yshi. See yshi

multicultural, xx, 24, 155, 228, 243–244

multilingual, 241, 243–244

Mushakji, Saneatsu, 55–56

Muslim(s), 243, 247–250, 254, 256, 256

mutual financial assistance associations. See tanomoshik

Nagasaki, Japan, 33

National Association of Japanese Canadians, 138, 157

nationality, 23, 87–100, 179, 200, 237, 243