Philippine, 36, 38, 40–44, 190, 237, 239

physical, xvi, 5–6, 8–10, 12–14, 16, 24, 36, 55, 81, 95, 175, 217, 226

difference(s), 6

variation(s), 10

plantation, 8–9, 18

ower(s), 8

worker(s), 8

political, xvi, xviii, xxi, 7, 9, 14, 16–18, 24, 35, 37, 39, 45–46, 55, 62, 67, 99, 105, 107, 109, 111–115, 120, 122, 134, 142, 145, 153, 155, 182, 188–189, 191, 222, 228

polygenesis theory, 9

Portuguese, 8, 10, 15, 33, 43, 56, 63, 65, 68, 70, 77, 106, 171–172, 175, 180, 181

Portuñol,, 15, 172, 175, 181

post-9/11, 146, 155

post–World War II, xvi, 3, 21, 272

POW, 41

prefectural association(s), 38

primordial, 13, 55

perspective, 13

protestant, 15, 76, 243, 250, 253

race, xvi, 4–7, 9–16, 26, 54, 188, 224, 228, 237, 256, 282

Rafu Shimp, 65–66

Ramadan, 249, 254

Reagan, Ronald, 140, 146

Relocation Center, 211

Ritsumeikan University, 142

Roppongi, Tokyo, 225

Russia, 34

Russian, 34, 192

academy/academies, 34

sakoku (Japan's self-imposed seclusion, national closure), 109, 155

samurai, xviii, 24, 109–110, 112, 114–115, 117, 120, 122, 215

San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist), 109–110, 114, 122

San Juan Colony. See colony

Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 36

Sansei (third generation of Japanese transnational migrants), 139–140, 212, 230

São Paulo, Brazil, 15, 18, 53, 59–60, 62, 65–67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 82

Sarah, 8

sato (home), 57, 90, 101, 101

semmon-gakk (technical institutes or vocational schools), 224

Sens to Nihonjin Imin (War and Japanese Immigrants), 45

Senzji Temple, 225

shamisen (a Japanese traditional stringed instrument), 214

Shibuya, Tokyo, 97

Shitompul (the clan of her mother-in-law), 253

shgun, 107

Singapore, 36–37, 40, 43

skin color, 6–11, 27

black, 6–10, 12–13

white, 5–10, 13, 124

yellow, 5, 13

slave(s), 8–9, 18, 114

social

barrier(s), 14

boundaries, 21, 64, 80

capital, 18

mobilizationist perspective, 13

social (continued)

networks/networking, xvi, 17–18, 22

relations, 16, 58, 88, 252–253