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[Merchants and social management], in Jin dai Zhongguo shi yanjiu tongxun [Newsletter for modern Chinese history] 6 (1988): 23–37. In English, three articles are focused on or mention Zheng Guanying: Eastman, “Political Reformism in China Before the Sino-Japanese War; Hao, “Cheng Kuan-ying: The Comprador as Reformer”; and Chong, “Cheng Kuan-ying (1841–1920): A Source of Sun Yat-sen's Nationalist Ideology?”

12. Murphey, “The Treaty Ports and China's Modernization,” in The Chinese City between Two Worlds, 33.

13. Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, 8, 62, 217.

14. See Chang, “Intellectual Change and the Reform Movement, 1890–8,” in The Cambridge History of China, volume 2: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, 336–337. Zhang Pengyuan stresses that the 1898 reformist movement was a true intellectual-led movement. See Zhang, “Qingmo minchu de zhishi fenzi 1898–1921,” in Zhishi fenzi yü Zhongguo.

15. Esherick, Reform and Revolution in China, xvii–xviii.

16. See Lee, Shanghai Modern.

17. Lee, “The Cultural Construction of Modernity in Urban Shanghai,” 4–7.

18. Seidman, ed., Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics, 231.

19. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, 30–31.

20. For the character of “in-between” as a cultural phenomenon, see Bhabha, The Location of Culture, 7.

21. For Wei Yuan's constitutional agenda, see Kuhn, Origins of the Modern Chinese State.

22. Tang, Global Space and the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity.

23. See Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy, 98–108.