Li Shanlan, 28, 66, 120

Li Xiucheng, 20

Liang Qichao, 4, 35, 71–72, 74, 76, 78, 83, 88, 90, 93–94, 106, 109, 111, 120, 122, 143–144, 147, 162–163, 166, 184, 234, 240, 247–248

Liang Shuming, 168, 248, 250

Lin Zexu, 26, 80, 150

Liu Fenglu, 26

Liu Kunyi, 73

Liu, Lydia H., 150

Liu Yongfu, 57

Liu Zongyuan, 178

Lu Xun, 30, 72, 151, 233

Ma Jianzhong, 2

Macao, 12, 30–31, 75, 91, 125, 127, 210, 235, 248

Major, Ernest, 110, 114–115

Malaysia, 58

Martin, W. A. P., 127–128, 151

May Fourth Movement, 3, 72, 200

Medhurst, Henry, 28

Medhurst, Walter, 67

Meiji restoration, 47, 53, 71

Mencius, 179, 197, 204, 207

Milne, William, 105

Ming dynasty, 59, 137, 146, 184, 193, 215, 225–226

Mittler, Barbara, 118

Montesquieu, 180

Morrison, Robert, 104

Murphey, Rhoads, 2

Napoleon, 164

Nationalism, 79, 155, 159–163

North China Herald, 23, 106, 116–117

North China Herald & Market Report

Occidentalism, 176, 217

Official Supervision, Merchant Management (guandu shangban), 46, 133

Okuma Shigenobu, 80

Opium War(s), 56, 128, 155–156, 191

Overweg and Company, 1

Pan-Asianism, 82, 84, 246

Peng Rucong, 43–44

Peng Yulin, 57–61, 65, 137, 185

Peru, 126

public sphere, 4

Pu Yi, 87, 94

Prince Gong, 40

Prussia, 112, 156

Qian Xuantong, 30

Qianlong, 17, 202

Rankin, Mary, 3

Revive China Society, 79, 86

Richard, Timothy, 56, 73, 75–76, 87, 89, 135, 164–165

Rong Hong, 123–124

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 199

Rowe, William, 15, 17, 203, 222

Russel and Company, 36

Russia, 81, 83–84, 107, 112–113, 156, 202

Saigon, 58–59

Self-strengthening Movement, 22, 63, 71, 136