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Language Notes
The ‘default language’ of this book is British English, but allowances have been made for regional variations when the country from which the chapter originates has its own recognised version of the language. Hence, the spellings of such words as programme/programand centre/centerhave not been standardised. Romanised renderings of entities such as madrasa/madrasah have likewise not been standardised, reflecting different usages in different countries.
The names of academic subjects have been capitalised where specific, named courses or programmes, or university faculties and departments are referred to. When alluding to broad fields of study, the names of disciplines and subject clusters are not capitalised.
The word State has been capitalised where it refers to the central government authority. The word state in lowercase refers to administrative units of federal entities.
Various regional nuances arise with regard to common terms such as college and professor, which may have quite different connotations from one education system to another. Readers are urged to interpret such terms with reference to the national contexts in which they arise.