Hassanya, 18, 149–151, 186

heritage, 2, 6–7, 165

higher secondary level (enseignement secondaire général), 119–120, 130

identity, 5, 7–9, 67, 74–75, 115, 143, 143, 180

ideology, 7–8, 31, 43, 51, 141–142, 154, 188

IFAN (Black Africa Fundamental Research Institute), 77, 106, 183, 186n9, 187n20

illiteracy, 24, 26–29, 71, 88–90, 95, 100, 111, 132, 135, 136–140, 143, 143, 159

functional illiteracy, 100–103, 133–134

literacy, 3–5, 11, 23–24, 27–28, 38–39, 49, 64, 82, 87–99, 104–105, 107, 109, 111, 128, 131–132, 135–144, 147, 150, 155, 178, 182–183, 187n14, 187n16

independence, 1–2, 4–5, 7, 10, 14, 17–18, 28, 25, 43, 57–59, 63, 67–68, 71, 81, 111, 135, 139–141, 157, 178

inequalities, 3–4

Islam, 38, 40, 61, 167, 189n30

Islamic, 38–39, 46, 48, 53–54, 125, 125, 148

Jola, 16–21, 28, 62, 70, 75, 85, 87, 100, 123, 147, 149–153, 159, 164–165, 167–168, 173, 185n6

kindegarten, 65, 112, 115–118, 123, 130–131. See also preschooling

laïque, 47, 112

laissez-faire, 82, 107, 174, 180

laissez-pourrir, 180

language

language-in-education, 9, 11, 58, 64, 68, 92

maintenance, 177

planning, 7, 29, 58, 63–64, 83–84, 106, 182–183

policy, 4, 7, 10–11, 29, 36, 63–64, 82, 84–85, 174, 182

Lehar, 18, 20, 186

lingua franca, 5, 19, 63, 73, 75, 82, 167, 176, 178–179

maintenance, 54, 63, 68, 177–179

MALNF (Ministry for Literacy, National Languages and Francophonie), 84, 86, 90, 94, 104, 108, 133–134, 180, 187n15, 188n23

Mandinka, 16–21, 28, 38, 70, 76, 85, 100, 147, 150–152, 167

Manjaku, 18, 21, 149, 167, 168, 185

Mankaañ, 18, 21, 149–151, 167

marabouts, 46, 48, 53, 167

marginalisation, 59

Mazrui, Ali, 8–9, 70

mbalax, 154, 164–165

Mbow, Amadou Moctar, 77, 139, 188

MCPHCLNF (Ministry for Culture, Listed Historical Heritage, National Languages and Francophonie), 108, 188

MDCAPLN (Ministry for Literacy and the Planning for the National Languages), 92–93, 98