MDCEBLN (Junior Ministry in Charge of Basic Education and National Languages), 93

media, 4, 25, 60, 62–63, 76, 78, 87, 90, 144–147, 154–155, 157–158, 160, 162, 164–165, 171–172, 178, 180, 182, 184–185n4

foreign, 73, 160

independent, private, 157

mass, 67

online, 161

print/printed, 11, 63, 67, 76, 101, 144–146, 157–158, 160–162, 170, 178

public media, 145

spoken, 11, 76, 80, 107, 144–145, 161, 168, 170, 178

visual, 145

medium (of instruction), 27, 36, 45, 50–51, 59, 65, 105, 113–114, 116, 118, 122–127, 131, 139, 179

MEN (Ministry of National Education), 64, 84–88, 92–95, 98, 102, 108, 112–113, 115–116, 118, 122, 129, 139, 132, 181

MENAPLN (Ministry for National Education, in Charge of Literacy and the Planning for the National Languages), 93

merge, 93, 108, 181, 188

METFPALN (Ministry for Technical Education, Vocational Education, Literacy and National Languages), 94

Minister Responsible for Sailing Ships and Colonies (Ministère de la Marine et des Colonies), 32–33, 35–36, 40, 42, 49, 51

mission civilisatrice (civilising mission), 31, 46

missionary (missionaries), 32, 41, 43, 45–47, 51–54, 59

monolingualism, 12, 175, 179

mosque, 39, 167

mother tongue(s), 3, 43, 74

Mourides, 148, 154, 166

music, 35, 146, 150, 152–153, 156, 164–165, 188n26

musicians, 165, 188n27, 188n28

National Channel (Chaîne Nationale), 148–150

national languages, 11–12, 18–19, 27–29, 32, 55, 57–58, 60–71, 73, 77–79, 81, 83, 85, 87–94, 99–109, 111–114, 116, 118, 122, 135, 141–144, 146–153, 158–164, 167, 169–170, 174–176, 178–184, 185n2, 185n5, 185n6, 186n6, 186n9, 188n23

nationalists, 43, 69–70, 77, 141–142, 169, 178

nationalism, 2

native speakers, 61, 73–74

Ndour, Youssou, 154, 164–165, 188n27

Ndut, 18, 20, 149, 152, 186

Négritude, 6–8

New School (École Nouvelle), 113–114

NGO (nongovernmental organization), 24, 85, 89, 97, 106, 131, 134

Niger-Congo, 20

Noon, 18, 20, 149, 152, 167, 185

official language, 2–4, 18, 20, 58–59, 62, 66, 68, 70, 76, 85, 163, 179