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32. Alan Haworth, Free Speech (London: Routledge, 1998), 220. Haworth stated that in the modern era, Thomas Scanlon has made a significant attempt to connect autonomy with freedom of expression (see 218–219).

33. Haworth, Free Speech, 218. Haworth credited this quotation to Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?” in Kant’s Political Writings, ed. Hans Reis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).

34. Thomas Scanlon, “A Theory of Freedom of Expression”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 1 (1972): 214–215.

35. Dworkin, Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the Constitution, 200–201.

36. Schauer, Free Speech: A Philosophical Enquiry, 62.

37. Thomas Scanlon, “Freedom of Expression and Categories of Expression”, University of Pittsburgh Law Review 40 (1979): 519. See Harry Wellington, “On Freedom of Expression”, Yale Law Journal 88 (1978–1979): 1123–1125.

38. The central role of the listener in free speech theory is comprehensively discussed in Michael Gillooly, The Third Man: Reform of the Australasian Defamation Defences (Sydney: Federation Press, 2004).

39. Schauer, Free Speech: A Philosophical Enquiry, 71.

40. Vincent Blasi, “Free Speech and Good Character: From Milton to Brandeis to the Present”, in Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era, ed. Lee C. Bollinger and Geoffrey R. Stone, 62–63 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

41. C. Edwin Baker, Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 5.

42. Baker, “Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech”, 966.