Lingquan xiangSee also Haining County; Yuanhua zhen, 47, 52–54, 129

LinhaiSee also Taizhou prefecture, 29

literacy, 2–3, 38, 111, 242

literatiSee also gentry, 2–3, 14–15, 25–26, 28, 37–38, 85, 112–114, 117, 121–122, 124–125, 128–131, 133–134, 136–137, 151, 199, 200, 202–203, 241, 245, 278n58, 301n39

Liu BiSee also salt, 36

Liyang, 127

local customs, 8, 23, 28–30, 46, 51, 58, 96, 261, 273n9, 277n42, 287n27

local society, 2–3, 6–7, 15, 51, 105–107, 111, 114, 136, 138, 151, 159, 167–168, 174, 181, 191, 220–221, 229, 231–232, 240, 242, 245–246, 312n57

lower Yangzi deltaSee also Jiangnan, 3, 8, 21, 27, 31, 60, 99, 190, 199, 215

Lu of PinghuSee also Pinghu County, 105–106

Lu TangSee also anti-wokou campaign, 76, 96–97, 291n57

Madam Hu, wife of Dai Jinfeng, 110

Madam WaSee also langbing (wolf soldiers), 82, 96, 293n18

Madam Zhu, mistress of Ye MaSee also wokouYe Ma, 89, 295n54

Madam Zhu, mother of Xu DunqiuSee also Xu of Lingquan, 216

Madam Zhu, wife of Dai Yihu, 110

Madam Zhu, wife of Xu MaoSee also Xu of Lingquan, 299

Madam Zhu, wife of Xu TanSee also Xu of Lingquan, 208, 224

Mao KunSee also anti-wokou campaign; Hu Zongxian, 17, 72, 78, 85, 99–100, 105, 272n63, 284n2, 290n46

maritime tradeSee also haijin; shibosi, 10, 19, 64–65, 75, 87, 267n31

development of, 2, 8–10, 19, 25, 27–28, 68–70, 74

illicit, 11–12, 68–70, 75, 85

junk, 10

observations of, 23–24

routes, 23, 68

tribute (tally, kanhe), 9–10, 11, 63–68, 88

and wokou, 19, 63–70

maritime trade prohibition. See haijin

maritime tradersSee also Wang Zhi, wokou, 10–11, 19, 63, 72, 85, 91, 96

and wokou, 11, 69–73

market towns (caoshishi, zhenshizhen), 8, 32–35, 45, 47, 51–52, 67, 73, 133.

marriage, 112, 162, 196, 197, 199, 213, 231, 252, 254

dowry, 172, 210, 257

strategy, 220–221, 261

uxorilocal, 8, 192, 200, 203–204, 209, 217, 299n18, 313n67

MelakaSee also Portuguese, 10, 68

MercenariesSee also anti-wokou campaign, 15, 17, 74, 76, 93, 95–100, 104–105, 116, 136

Miao troopsSee also aboriginal fighters; Peng Jinchen, 84

migration, 24–26, 50, 54, 112, 114, 202, 211, 215