Figure 1.6. The bounded geo-heliocentric model of Tycho Brahe, from Liber Secundus (1588).

19

Figure 1.7. The unbounded heliocentric model of Thomas Digges, from A Perfit Description (1576).

21

Figure 1.8. Relative sizes of the Earth, Sun, Moon and
planets, from Prognostication Everlasting
(1576).

27

Figure 1.9. Gainer's experimental telescope built according
to Digges'design with materials and tools
available in the sixteenth century (f/8, 4.5-inch
aperture, 1-inch plano-convex eyepiece, and
magnification 36).

31

Figure 1.10. Detail from Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (1610) illustrating Jupiter and its four moons.

34

Figure 1.11. Cartoons illustrating Saturn's image:
(a) (Uppermost) as it appeared to Galileo in 1610, (b) (middle) how he interpreted what he saw,
and (c) (nethermost) how the planet would have appeared at the time if his spyglass had had
better optics.

35

Figure 1.12. Saturn on January 14, 2007, imaged by a Toscano 8-inch (200 mm) telescope. The image is a sum
of 504 separate images each of 1/25 second
exposure and shows the Cassini gap separating
the inner brighter B-ring and the outer fainter