filibuster (continued )

contemporary era (2004–present), 60–68

second filibuster period (1937–1969), 52–54

third filibuster period (1970–2004), 54–60

by Southern Democrats, 53, 125

and civil rights legislation, 2, 13, 120, 137

consequences of, 50, 100

critiques of, 15–18, 36, 43, 142, 148

defenses of, 18–19

defined, 19–22, 37–38

early examples

in House, 43–45

in Senate, 39–40

formal models of, 7–8

issue areas, 29, 46–47

led by majority party, 29, 56–57

led by minority party, 29, 43–45, 52, 55–58, 79

on nominations, 29

judicial nominations, 29–30, 40, 48, 58–59, 95

on procedural matters, 49

results of, 100, 111–113

“stealth”, 20, 55

theories of, 74, 78–89

filibuster pivot, 8, 32, 121–124, 134, 139, 146

Fiorina, Morris, 7

frequent filibusterers, 118–121

Frist, Senator William, 10, 24, 57, 59–60, 62, 95–96, 101, 124, 179n8, 180n14

“Gang of 14”, 60, 70

Gordon v. Lance (1892), 16–17, 142

Graham, Senator Lindsay, 147

Gramm, Senator Phil, 56, 119, 134, 140

Grayson, Senator William, 72

Gregg, Senator Judd, 123

Gunn, Senator James, 72

Hagel, Senator Charles, 123–124

Harkin, Senator Tom, 36–37

Hatch, Senator Orrin, 20, 118–119, 134

Helms, Senator Jesse, 29, 118–119, 134

Holds, 68, 100–101

as threatened filibusters, 101

Hollings, Senator Ernest “Fritz”, 119, 125, 134

House of Representatives, United States

filibusters in, 16–17, 20, 25, 40, 141

floor procedures in, 16–17, 142

Rules of, 43–45

Humphrey, Senator Hubert, 15, 68

Hutchison, Senator Kay Bailey, 56, 140

ideology (as influence on filibustering), 84–85, 91–92, 118–121

ideological extremism, 23, 120–121

incumbency, 105–109, 113, 116

Jeffords, Senator James, 58

Johnson, Senator Lyndon B., 53

Kennedy, Senator Edward M., 118–119, 123, 134, 147

Kerry, Senator John, 100, 123