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Endnotes
1. “An enquiry, whether it be conducive for the good of the Japanese empire, to keep it shut up, as it now is, and not suffer its inhabitants to have any commerce with foreign nations, either at home or abroad.” Engelbert Kaempfer, The History of Japan, vol. 3 (New York: AMS Press, 1971),
301–336. The translation in which, incidentally, the term sakoku was coined was by Shizuki Tadao. See Donald Keene, The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720–1830 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 76.
301–336. The translation in which, incidentally, the term sakoku was coined was by Shizuki Tadao. See Donald Keene, The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720–1830 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 76.
2. Tanaka Takeo, “Sakoku ni Tsuitte,” in Nihon Rekishi 14: Kaikin to Sakoku, eds. Kamiya Nobuyuki and Kimura Naoya, 39 (Tokyo: Tokyo-d
Shuppan, 2002).
Shuppan, 2002).
3. Hamashita Takeshi and Kawakatsu Heita, eds., Ajia Koeki-ken to Nihon Kogyo-ka, 1500–1900 (Tokyo: Riburo, 1991), 27.
4. Perhaps the most exhaustive treatment in English of the Tokugawa relations with the outside world, particularly with Asia, is Ronald Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984). Toby argued that rather than divorcing itself from the outside world, Japan sought to create a new international order that was not Sinocentric but rather centered on Tokugawa Japan. Therefore, there was a special emphasis on embassies to the shogun from Korea, Ryukyu, and the Dutch, embassies that created legitimacy for the new rulers. Similarly, no official relations existed with the Chinese because the Japanese refused to recognize a Sinocentric worldview, and so relations were entirely informal for the duration of the Tokugawa period.
5. Arano Yasunori, “Sakoku-ron kara Kaikin/Kai-I Chitsujo,” in Nihon Rekishi 14: Kaikin to Sakoku, eds. Kamiya Nobuyki and Kimura Naoya (Tokyo: Tokyo-d Shuppan, 2002), 51.
Shuppan, 2002), 51.
6. This work builds upon the influential works of scholars such as Iwao Seiichi, Arano Yasunori, Nagazumi Yoko, Yamawaki Teijir, Asao Naohiro, Kat Eiichi, Robert Innes, Ronald Toby, Derek Massarella, Reinier Hesselink, Donald Keene, and many others whom space precludes me from mentioning.
, Asao Naohiro, Kat Eiichi, Robert Innes, Ronald Toby, Derek Massarella, Reinier Hesselink, Donald Keene, and many others whom space precludes me from mentioning.
7. Mary Elizabeth Berry, Hideyoshi (Cambridge, MA: The Council on East Asian Studies and Harvard University Press, 1989), 134.
8. Arano Yasunori, in his masterful work Edo Bakufu to Higashi Ajia (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kbunkan, 2002), included a concise outline of the extensive
bunkan, 2002), included a concise outline of the extensive