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other countries, and, finally, Korea was the only foreign country in which the bakufu actually allowed Japanese to live. See Tashiro Kazui and Susan Downing Videen, “Foreign Relations During the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined,” Journal of Japanese Studies 8, no. 2 (1982): 283–306.
46. The final major restriction placed on foreign trade occurred when the Portuguese were banished from Japan in 1639 after the Shimabara Rebellion of the previous year. Although there is no evidence this rebellion was a “Christian rebellion,” there is no doubt that many of the leaders and participants were Christian. This rebellion, which proved difficult for the Tokugawa to suppress, convinced the authorities that Portuguese trade and missionary activity were impossible to separate, and they thus banned the Portuguese outright. See Anesaki, Masaharu, “Prosecution of Kirishitans after the Shimabara Rebellion,” Monumenta Nipponica 1 (1938): 295–300. A good Japanese account can be found in Toda Toshio, Amakusa, Shimabara no Ran: Hosokawa-han Shiry
ni yoru (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu 
raisha, 1988).
ni yoru (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu raisha, 1988).
47. For a good discussion of these various edicts, as well as the full texts, see kubo Toshiaki, Shiry ni yoru Nihon no Ayumi (Tokyo: Yoshikawa K
bunkan, 1963).
kubo Toshiaki, Shiry ni yoru Nihon no Ayumi (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kbunkan, 1963).
48. This tripartite schema is borrowed from Nakamura Tadashi's masterful treatment of foreign trade at Nagasaki. See Nakamura Tadashi, Kinsei Nagasaki Beki-shi no Kenky
(Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kbunkan, 1988), 155–156.
eki-shi no Kenky (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kbunkan, 1988), 155–156.
49. For a good summary of how exactly the sakoku edicts were delivered and initially implemented, see Ota Katsuya, Sakoku Jidai: Nagasaki Beki-shi no Kenky (Kyoto: Shibunkaku, 1992), 16–17.
eki-shi no Kenky (Kyoto: Shibunkaku, 1992), 16–17.
50. This translation is made from the complete collection of Tokugawa prohibitions edited by Ishii Ryosuke and entitled Tokugawa Kinrei K/Hseishi Gakkai Hen, vol. 6 (Tokyo: Sbunsha, 1959–1961), 377–378. A contemporary Dutch summary of the sakoku decrees can be found in the August 14, 1637, diary entry of Nicholas Couckebacker, head of the Dutch factory at Hirado at the time the decrees were issued. See Shiry Hensanj, Nihon Kankei Kaigai Shiry: Dagregisters Gehouden bij de Opperhoofden van het Nederlandsche Factorij in Japan, vol. 3 (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shiry Hensanj, 1974), 9–13. The traditional Japanese calendrical system used here and throughout the text (i.e., Kan’ei 12)––denotes the twelfth year of the Kan’ei period, which is the year 1635.
/Hseishi Gakkai Hen, vol. 6 (Tokyo: Sbunsha, 1959–1961), 377–378. A contemporary Dutch summary of the sakoku decrees can be found in the August 14, 1637, diary entry of Nicholas Couckebacker, head of the Dutch factory at Hirado at the time the decrees were issued. See Shiry Hensanj, Nihon Kankei Kaigai Shiry: Dagregisters Gehouden bij de Opperhoofden van het Nederlandsche Factorij in Japan, vol. 3 (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shiry Hensanj, 1974), 9–13. The traditional Japanese calendrical system used here and throughout the text (i.e., Kan’ei 12)––denotes the twelfth year of the Kan’ei period, which is the year 1635.