23. Naremore also stresses (ibid.) that “all acting has a biological dimension”.
24. Adrienne L. McLean, “Feeling and the Filmed Body: Judy Garland and the Kinesics of Suffering”, Film Quarterly 55, no. 3 (2002): 14, emphasis added.
25. Steven Shaviro, The Cinematic Body (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 256.
26. Ibid., 267.
27. Thomas Austin, “Star Performances”, in Contemporary Hollywood Stardom, ed. Thomas Austin and Martin Barker (London: Arnold, 2003), 103.
28. Richard Dyer, Stars, 2nd ed. (London: BFI, 1998), 132–150; Richard de Cordova, Picture Personalities: The Emergence of the Star System in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 23–46; P. David Marshall, Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 86–89, 94–99.
29. McDonald, “Why Study Film Acting?” 39.
30. Cynthia Baron and Sharon Marie Carnicke, Reframing Screen Performance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008), 59, 92, 232, 234. Baron and Carnicke identify this trend almost exclusively with Christian Metz and his work in Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema, trans. Michael Taylor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
31. McDonald, “Why Study Film Acting?” 39.
32. Baron and Carnicke, Reframing Screen Performance, 17; italics in original.
33. Ibid., 232–233.
34. Andrew Klevan, Film Performance: From Achievement to Appreciation (London: Wallflower, 2005), 103.
35. Lesley Stern and George Kouvaros, Falling for You: Essays on Cinema and Performance (Sydney: Power, 1999), 3. See also Cynthia Baron and Diane Carson “Analyzing Performance and Meaning in Film”, Journal of Film and Video 58, no. 1 (2006): 3–6; this is the introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Film and Video on performance.
36. Klevan, Film Performance, 15–17; Stern and Kouvaros, Falling for You, 10–20.
37. Philip Drake, “Reconceptualizing Screen Performance”, Journal of Film and Video 58, no. 1 (2006): 86.
38. Ibid., 85.
39. Ibid., 86; italics in original. The paradoxical presence/absence of the actor has long been a blockage to the understanding of film performance. As long ago as 1936, Walter Benjamin contended that the film actor was “absent” on-screen and, “for the first time”, the actor functions without “aura”, an authenticity that he contended be replicated in mechanical reproduction; see Benjamin, Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt (London: Pimlico, 1999), 223. Baron and Carnicke go further than describing this as a “blockage”, when they contend that Benjamin’s essay “effectively discouraged future scholarship on screen acting” (Reframing Screen Performance, 3).