Thornton and Linda M. Heywood, Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and Landers, Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions.

16. See James H. Sweet, Review of Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660 by Linda M. Heywood and John K. Thornton, New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 83, no. 1–2 (2009): 125.

17. Peter Mark, “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 15.

18. Ibid., 16.

19. See, among others, Araujo, Public Memory of Slavery, chapter 6.

20. See Edna G. Bay, “Protection, Political Exile, and the Atlantic Slave Trade: History and Collective Memory in Dahomey,” Slavery and Abolition 22, no. 1 (2001): 50–51. See also Suzanne Blier, African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 27.

21. Markus Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2007), 75.