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1. Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).

2. Ibid., 9–13.

3. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 3. Several works critique Gilroy’s Black Atlantic. Among the recent ones, see Patrick Manning, The African Diaspora: A History through Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 8.

4. There is an extensive bibliography focusing on the English-speaking Atlantic world. See, among others, Alison F. Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999); Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007); Carla Giardina Pestana, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).

5. See Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1974); Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 1983(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); Robin Law, The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); John K. Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Colin A. Palmer, Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to the Spanish America, 1700–1739 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1981); and Toyin Falola and Kevin D. Roberts, eds., The Atlantic World: 1450–2000 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).

6. See especially Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800.

7. Among the works that focus on African and Amerindian interactions, see Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, O trato dos viventes: Formação do Brasil no Atlântico Sul (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000); and Luiz Felipe de Alencastro. “Le versant brésilien de l’Atlantique Sud 1550–1850,” Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 61, no. 2 (2006): 339–382; Thomas Benjamin,