501(c) committees, 5, 69, 231–232, 249–252, 268, 373n458

527 committees, 5, 65–69, 72, 75, 96, 231–232, 234, 247, 249–252, 262, 268, 345n140

All Things Considered, 121, 127–128, 353n239

Alvarez, R. Michael, 280

Baker v. Carr, 48, 97

ballot

access, 95, 340n81

design, 51–54, 99, 280–281

length and complexity as related to electoral structure, 94, 156–157, 162, 165–167, 186, 328

U.S. versus other democracies, 91–92

ballot fall off, 20, 24, 170, 172

ballot measuresSee also Initiatives and Referenda, 14, 26, 174–178, 365n365

bias

media, box 1.1, 104, 128–129, 131, 133, 313, 313, 356n272

partisan/ideological box 1.1, 313

bicameralism, 157, 169

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (continued )

electioneering communications, 231, 252, 268

impact on political parties, 65, 226, 226, 229–231, 249, 267

impact on state parties, 231

Levin Amendment, 231

limits on contributions, 229

reasons for, 228–229

Supreme Court ruling regarding, 231, 256

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 126, 129–132

Buckley v. Valeo, 96, 251, 375n489

bundlers/bundling of campaign contributions, 254–255, 260–261, 320

Bush, George W.fig. 6.1, 12, 28, 30, 32–34, 52, 56, 60, 64–66, 69–70, 79–81, 117, 121, 125–126, 135, 145, 145, 233, 249, 253, 291, 293, 295, 297, 299, 304, 306, 313, 313

campaign ads, 141, 143, 252

campaign consultantsbox 6.1, 96, 126, 126

campaign finance

arms race, 227, 251, 255, 261, 263

contribution limits, 95–96, 211, 224, 227, 230, 251, 254, 256

Democrats versus Republicans, 64–67, 70–71, 245