sustainability, 5, 304–308, 437

sustenance (and maintenance), 182–183

Takeshita, Noboru, 248, 288

Tanaka, Kakuei, 136, 145, 265

tank kara kank e (from mines to tourism), 255

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), 440, 443, 447, 452

total fertility rate (TFR), 43–44, 55, 271, 294, 425

tourism

contradictions in planning, 355–360

cultural tourism, 364–368

ecotourism, 368–369

green tourism, 371–384

heritage tourism, 255, 422

Japan overview, 342

national parks, 412–414

onsen (hot spring), 352–353

residents’ views, 376–379

resorts, 360–363

sincerity in, 358

Special Interest Tours (SITs), 419

sustainable tourism, 369–371

‘wide-area tourism development’, 324

trade liberalisation, 27, 187

Traditional Crafts Production Promotion Law, 396

Traditional Crafts Production Promotion Plan, 396

Train Vert, 373

Trinity Reforms, 243, 254–255, 265

Tsugaru district (Aomori Prefecture), 389

Tsugaru development, 390

Tsugaru district (continued )

Tsugaru identity, 389–390

Tsugaru lacquerware industry, 396–399

Tsugaru nuri lacquerware, 394–395

UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 262, 360, 365, 417–419

United Nations, 473

United Nations Population Division (UNPD), 22, 273

University of Sheffield, xxix, 3, 436

ura-Nihon, 33

U-turn, 310, 412

villages

abandoned houses, 157

forest encroachment, 159

restoring, 315–319

transformation of, 156, 166

Village Environment Maintenance Project (shraku kanky seibi jigy), 316

wildlife encroachment, 165

Wakayama Prefecture, 134, 158–162

Warabi-za, 352–354

wealth divide (kakusa mondai), 267

Webb classification, 19, 105

Wide-Area Regional Planning Councils, 242

Wide-area tourism development, 324

wildlife

engai (monkey damage), 168

oiharai oiage jigy (drive-away-and-send-back initiative), 318

sarunoban (monkey watches), 317

wild boars, 166, 318